Four exterior wall planes define a
rectangular volume that contains the program elements and spaces. It includes
inside order and outside order. Inside order accommodates the multiple
functions of any building and it inherent a sense of privacy. Its outside order
expresses the utility of the idea of any building at any easy scale appropriate
to the green field.
5: CIRCULATION
SYSTEMS
·
The stair
and ramp penetrate and link the three levels and heighten the viewer’s
perception of forms in space and light.
·
The curved
form of the entrance foyer reflects the movement of the automobile.
6: CONTEXT
·
A simple exterior
form wraps around a complex interior organization of forms and spaces.
·
Elevating
the main floor provides a better view and avoids the humidity of the ground.
·
A garden
terrace distributes sunlight to the spaces gathered around it.
1.1 MEANING /DEFINITION OF ARCHITECTURE.
Architecture is a relationship between form
& space and the principles that guide their ordering in the built
environment.
Form & Space are the critical means of
architecture that comprises a design vocabulary that is both elemental and
timeless. FORM & SPACE are inter-related and organized to shape up of our
environment. The fundamental elements and principles of architectural design
manifest themselves over the course of human history and adds an electronic
component to introduce the aspects of time and movement to the exposition of
elements and principles.
Architecture is a visual art, so it require
graphic representation both abstract and simple. Architecture is an art for all
to learn because all are concerned with it.
Architecture depends upon order, arrangement, symmetry,
propriety and economy. All of these must be built with due reference to
durability, convenience and beauty. Durability will be assured when foundations
are carried down to the solid grounds and materials wisely and liberally
selected. Convenience, when the arrangements of the apartments is faultless and
presents no hindrance to use, and when each class of building is assigned to
its suitable and appropriate exposure and beauty, when the appearance of the
work is pleasing and in good taste and when its members are in due proportion
according to correct principles of symmetry. ( John Ruskin )
Architecture is the masterly, correct and
magnificent play of masses brought together in light. ( Vitruvius )
Built environment has various purposes; to
shelter people and their activities and possessions from the elements, from
human and animal enemies, and from supernatural powers; to establish place, to
create a humanized, safe area in a profane and potentially dangerous world; to
stress social identity and indicate status .
( Louis
Kahn )
1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHITECTURE
Characteristics of any building always relate
with the period in which it has been constructed. To understand the philosophy
behind the design, we have to study the other factors also which are affecting
the architecture e.g. social values, economical values, cultural values and
even religious values. We have to study user requirements, needs, aspirations
also. Some of the time, legal constraints play an important role to define the
character of a building. Character of
any building is defined by the use of elements to derive the form, relationship
of form with the function and the technology available at that time. Function
covers the user’s requirements, needs and aspirations. Legal constraints play
an important role to define the character of the built environment. Historical
traditions provides the basis in the development of the built environment.
Climate , sun, wind, temperature and precipitation defines the context of any
building.
How building styles are identified hugeness,
spacious, darkness, monumental scale
etc.
According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy
the three principles of firmitatis utilitatis venustatis, which
translates roughly as -
- Durability
- it should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.
- Utility
- it should be useful and function well for the people using it.
- Beauty
- it should delight people and raise their spirits.
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to
fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leone Battista Alberti,
who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria,
saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a
part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the
idealised human figure, the Golden
mean.
The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an
object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on
universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not
developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari.
The treatises, by the 18th century, had been translated into Italian, French,
Spanish and English.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS of any area specifies that either building
is friendly with nature.
·
Love for
nature
·
True
monumental scale
·
Human scale
·
Monumental
gateways
·
Geometric
patterns & surface decoration
·
Material
used
The character of any building is defined by
the use of the building.
·
Buildings
used for the religious activities
·
Buildings
used for the residential purposes
The architecture of different parts of Asia
developed along different lines from that of Europe, Buddhist, Hindu, Mughal
and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist
architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. In many Asian
countries a pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed
specifically to enhance the natural
landscape.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The architecture has attractive
appearance. Main entrance are more dominant part of the buildings. One can
judge in his first eye that entrance is there.
HUGE AND MASSIVE
Massiveness is one of the characteristics of colonial period. The buildings give the feeling of massiveness
because of thicker walls and more heights.
HUGE AND IMPRESSIVE
The building heights and
beautiful brickwork give the feeling of impressiveness.
DARK
Long central corridors along the both sides of the rooms without any
break create the effects of darkness.
SPACIOUS
Although the architecture of British periods is massiveness and dark but
it has also the characteristics of spaciousness. There are bigger rooms having
more heights to strengthen the effect of spaciousness.
SYMMETRY
Symmetry is the most common characteristics of BRITISH PERIOD in plans,
elevation of buildings. It gives the balanced feeling.
1.3 ARCHITECTURE AS A SCIENCE
Architecture is dynamic, not static. It is
physical. Construction of building is science, not art, it involves
calculations and method.
The 19th century English art critic, John
Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture,
published 1849, was much narrower in his
view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so
disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them"
contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
On the difference between the ideals of
"architecture" and mere "construction",
the renowned 20th C. architect Le
Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and
with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction.
Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am
happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
Architects such as Mies
van der Rohe, Philip
Johnson and Marcel
Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities
of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional
historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and
methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution,
including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise
superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style,
an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center.
Architecture is the practice of design
buildings and other physical structures. It is often considered a form of art
and science due to the massive amount of technical knowledge required to
implement a design that has been created from nothing.
Architects have many factors to consider when
constructing a building such as mass, texture, materials, light/shadow, cost,
construction and technology. All of these factors are manipulated in order to
create an end design that appears both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
A very important part of modern architecture
is that it is not merely a visual art form. Complete architecture takes into
account all of the human senses as well as the environment around the
structure, and management of power, water and other utilities. There is also a
common concept among architects that the art cannot exist in a vacuum and that
it must have context, surroundings and contrasts to be complete.
The history of architecture is also extremely
interesting, as human technology and scientific and mathematical understanding
increases, so to did our ability to build wonderful buildings. Architecture was
born out of a combination of needs, such as shelter, security and worship and
means, mainly the local building materials and physical ability. Early
architecture was mainly vernacular architecture, a special type of architecture
which is based around local needs and means. As it evolved the classic civilizations
were born and great time and effort put into crafting areas of religious or
political significance and even back in these times architecture was more than
just a visual product. The roman Coliseum was designed so that all of the
thousands of crowd members could see and hear the action at the centre and the
way it amplifies sound was no accident.
As time passed architecture developed more
and more with medieval structures like the castle and fort proving architecture
had a place on the battle field as well as on city floor. During this period
architects, especially in Europe, began to form guilds (as many craftsman did
then). These guilds were design to help architects work together and achieve
more monumental things, a practice that is still in society today in the form
of architect partnerships.
In the renaissance architecture became a very
personal affair and moved quickly away from war and religion. Many famous
architects are from this period as this marked the start of buildings recognizing
their architects with individuals such as Palladio and Brunelleschi going down
in history.
Today architecture is everywhere, almost any
public building is professional designed and many compete for recognition
inside their respective cities. There is massive emphasis on certain elements
such as energy efficiency, environmental blending and the use of
environmentally friendly construction materials. Design is also becoming
increasingly advanced with superstructures like the Burj Al Arab 7 star hotel.
1.4 ARCHITECTURE AS AN ART
Architecture,
the art and science of designing and erecting buildings,
is a vast subject -- every culture since the dawn of time has had its own
distinct style of making shelters for people to live in, work in, and store
things in. These shelters have since evolved to become the house
that we know today.
Architects provide care in the shaping of our
built environment. A
wider definition would include within its scope the design of the total built
environment, from the macrolevel of town planning, urban
design, and landscape architecture to the microlevel of
furniture.
The earliest Architects were definitely not
specialists, but someone who erects basic dwellings using simple tools and
materials found adjacent to the site. Today, architects
are licensed by the a jurisdiction to provide
design services to the public through the practice of architecture.
Architectural works are often perceived as cultural and
political symbols and as works
of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with
their surviving architectural achievements.
Architecture sometimes refers to the activity of
designing any kind of system and the term is common in the information technology
world
There are systems which define the meaning of
architecture.
1.
Architectural
systems and orders
2.
Spatial
systems
3.
Structural
systems
4.
Enclosure
system
5.
Circulation
system
Context
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
An architectural drawing or architect's
drawing is a technical drawing of
a building (or building project) that falls within the definition of architecture.
Architectural drawings are used by architects
and others for a number of purposes: to develop a design idea into a coherent
proposal, to communicate ideas and concepts, to convince clients of the merits
of a design, to enable a building contractor to
construct it, as a record of the completed work, and to make a record of a
building that already exists.
Architectural drawings are drawn according to
a set of convictions, which include particular views (floor plan, section
etc.), sheet sizes, units of measurement and scales, annotation and cross
referencing. Conventionally, drawings were made in ink on paper or a similar
material, and any copies required had to be laboriously made by hand. The
twentieth century saw a shift to drawing on tracing paper, so that mechanical
copies could be run off efficiently.
The development of the computer
had a major impact on the methods used to design and create technical
drawings,making manual draughting almost obsolete, and opening up new
possibilities of form using organic shapes and complex geometry. Today the vast
majority of drawings are created using CAD software.
SKETCHES
AND DIAGRAMS
A sketch is a rapidly executed freehand drawing, a
quick way to record and develop an idea, not intended as a finished work. A diagram
may also be drawn freehand but deals with symbols, to develop the logic of a
design. Both may be worked up into a more presentable form and used to
communicate the principles of a design.
In architecture, the finished work is expensive
and time consuming, so it is important to resolve the design as fully as
possible before construction work begins. Complex modern buildings involve a
large team of different specialist disciplines, and communication at the early
design stages is essential to keep the design moving towards a coordinated
outcome. Architects (and other designers) start investigating a new design with
sketches and diagrams, to develop a rough design that provides an adequate
response to the particular design problems
SIZE
AND SCALE
The size of drawings reflects the materials
available and the size that is convenient to transport – rolled up or folded,
laid out on a table, or pinned up on a wall. The draughting process may impose
limitations on the size that is realistically workable. Sizes are determined by
a consistent paper size system, according to local usage.
Architectural drawings are drawn to scale, so
that relative sizes are correctly represented. The scale is chosen both to
ensure the whole building will fit on the chosen sheet size, and to show the
required amount of detail. At the scale of one eighth of an inch to one foot
(1/96th) or the metric equivalent 1 to 100, walls are typically shown as simple
outlines corresponding to the overall thickness. At a larger scale, half an
inch to one foot (1/24th) or the nearest common metric equivalent 1 to 20, the
layers of different materials that make up the wall construction are shown.
Construction details are drawn to a larger scale, in some cases full size (1 to
1 scale).
Scale drawings enable dimensions to be 'read'
off the drawing, i.e. measured directly. Imperial
scales (feet and inches), while lacking the simple logic of the metric system,
are equally readable using an ordinary ruler. On a one-eights inch to one foot
scale drawing, the one-eighth divisions on the ruler can be read off as feet.
Architects normally use a scale
ruler with different scales marked on each edge. A third
method, used by builders in estimating, is to measure directly off the drawing
and multiply by the
This
section deals with the conventional views used to represent a building or
structure. See the Types of architectural drawing section below for
drawings classified according to their purpose.
FLOOR
PLAN
A floor
plan is
the most fundamental architectural diagram, a
view from above showing the arrangement of spaces in building in the same way
as a map,
but showing the arrangement at a particular level of a building. Technically it
is a horizontal section cut though a building (conventionally at three feet /
one metre above floor level), showing walls, window and door openings and other
features at that level. The plan view includes anything that could be seen
below that level: the floor, stairs (but only up to the plan level), fittings
and sometimes furniture. Objects above the plan level (e.g. beams overhead) can
be indicated as dotted lines.
Geometrically, plan
view is
defined as a vertical orthographic projection of
an object on to a horizontal plane, with the horizontal plane cutting through
the building.
SITE
PLAN
A site
plan is
a specific type of plan, showing the whole context of a building or group of
buildings. A site plan shows property boundaries and means of access to the site,
and nearby structures if they are relevant to the design. For a development on an urban site, the site
plan may need to show adjoining streets to demonstrate how the design fits in
to the urban fabric. Within the site boundary, the site plan gives an overview
of the entire scope of work. It shows the buildings (if any) already existing
and those that are proposed, usually as a building footprint; roads, parking
lots, footpaths, hard landscaping, trees and planting. For a construction
project, the site plan also needs to show all the services connections:
drainage and sewer lines, water supply, electrical and communications cables,
exterior lighting etc.[10][11]
Site plans are commonly used to be used by
jan represent a building proposal prior to detailed
design: drawing up a site plan is a tool for deciding both the site layout and
the size and orientation of proposed new buildings. A site plan is used to
verify that a proposal complies with local development codes, including
restrictions on historical sites. In this context the site plan forms part of a
legal agreement, and there may be a requirement for it to be drawn up by a
licenced professional: architect, engineer, landscape architect or land
surveyor.[12]
ELEVATION
An elevation is a view of a building seen
from one side, a flat representation of one façade.
This is the most common view used to describe the external appearance of a
building. Each elevation is labelled in relation to the compass direction it
faces, e.g. the north elevation of a building is the side that most closely
faces north.[13]
Buildings are rarely a simple rectangular shape in plan, so a typical elevation
may show all the parts of the building that are seen from a particular
direction.
Geometrically, an elevation is a horizontal
orthographic projection of a building on to a vertical plane, the vertical
plane normally being parallel to one side of the building.
Architects also use the word elevation as a synonym
for façade,
so the north elevation is literally the north wall of the building.
CROSS
SECTION
A cross section, also
simply called a section, represents a vertical plane cut through the object, in
the same way as a floor plan is a horizontal section viewed from the top.
In the section view, everything cut by the section plane is shown as a bold
line, often with a solid fill to show objects that are cut through, and
anything seen beyond generally shown in a thinner line. Sections are used to
describe the relationship between different levels of a building. In the
Observatorium drawing illustrated here, the section shows the dome seen from
the outside, a second dome that can only be seen inside the building, and the
way the space between the two accommodates a large astronomical telescope:
relationships that would be difficult to understand from plans alone.
A sectional elevation is a combination of a
cross section, with elevations of other parts of the building seen beyond the
section plane.
Geometrically, a cross section is a
horizontal orthographic projection of a building on to a vertical plane, with
the vertical plane cutting through the building.
ISOMETRIC
AND AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
Isometric and axonometric projections are a
simple way of representing a three dimensional object, keeping the elements to
scale and showing the relationship between several sides of the same object, so
that the complexities of a shape can be clearly understood.
There is some confusion about the terms
isometric and axonometric. “Axonometric is a word that has been used by
architects for hundreds of years. Engineers use the word axonometric as a
generic term to include isometric, diametric and trimetric drawings.” This
article uses the terms in the architecture-specific sense.
Despite fairly complex geometrical
explanations, for the purposes of practical draughting the difference between
isometric and axonometric is simple (see diagram above). In both, the plan is
drawn on a skewed or rotated grid, and the verticals are projected vertically
on the page. All lines are drawn to scale so that relationships between
elements are accurate. In many cases a different scale is required for
different axes, and again this can be calculated but in
practice was often simply estimated by eye.
- An isometric uses a plan grid at 30 degrees
from the horizontal in both directions, which distorts the plan shape.
Isometric graph paper can be used to construct this kind of drawing. This
view is useful to explain construction details (e.g. three dimensional
joints in joinery). The isometric was the standard view until the mid
twentieth century, remaining popular until the 1970s, especially for
textbook diagrams and illustrations.[15][16]
- Cabinet projection is similar, but only one axis
is skewed, the others being horizontal and vertical. Originally used in
cabinet making, the advantage is that a principal side (e.g. a cabinet
front) is displayed without distortion, so only the less important sides
are skewed. The lines leading away from the eye are drawn at a reduced
scale to lessen the degree of distortion. The cabinet projection is seen
in Victorian engraved advertisements and architectural textbooks, but has
virtually disappeared from general use.
- An axonometric uses a 45 degree plan grid,
which keeps the original orthogonal geometry of the plan. The great
advantage of this view for architecture is that the draughtsman can work
directly from a plan, without having to reconstruct it on a skewed grid.
In theory the plan should be set at 45 degrees, but this introduces
confusing coincidences where opposite corners align. Unwanted effects can
be avoided by rotating the plan while still projecting vertically. This is
sometimes called a planometric or plan oblique view, and allows freedom to
choose any suitable angle to present the most useful view of an object.
Traditional draughting techniques used 30-60
and 45 degree set squares, and that determined the angles used in
these views. Once the adjustable square became common those limitations were
lifted.
The
axonometric gained in popularity in the twentieth century, not just as a
convenient diagram but as a formal presentation technique, adopted in
particular by the Modern
Movement Axonometric drawings feature prominently in
the influential 1970's drawings
